Business Encyclopedia (English - Indonesian) - A

Ability to pay (Kemampuan bayar) Kemampuan bayar perusahaan merupakan suatu factor yang selalu menjadi pertimbangan penting didalam proses berlangsungnya perundingan perjanjian perburuhan. Ability to pay biasanya menjadi isu controversial dan ajang tarik-menarik antara kepentingan pengusaha dan kepentingan buruh.

Absence (ketidakhadiran) Ketidakhadiran seorang pekerja ditempat kerja selama satu hari atau lebih pada saat ia dijadwalkan masuk bekerja.

Absence rate (tingkat ketidakhadiran) suatu pengukuran, biasanya dalam bentuk statistic, dimana terdapat kehilangan waktu kerja disebabkan ketidakhadiran pekerja ditempat kerja pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan dalam satu hari atau hari-hari berikutnya.The bureau of Labor Statistic Amerika Serikat menetapkan formula. dibeberapa perusahaan mengenakan formula :

Absorption pricing (penentuan harga absorbsi) Alokasi seluruh biaya; semua biaya yang tercakup dalam penentuan harga untuk suatu produk.

Accomodation bill (rekening akomodasi) Surat perintah membayar (bill of exchange) yang ditandatangani seseorang untuk menyediakan akomodasi pada orang lain.

Account (akun) (1) Dalam penjualan, akun adalah sebuah faktur. (2) Dalam periklanan, akun adalah klien dari sebuah agen periklanan atau agen yang lain,atau suatu organisasi yang menyediakan layanan dengan imbalan tertentu sebagai mata penghasilannya.

Account executive (eksekutif akun) seseorang eksekutif dalam sebuah agen periklanan, atau organisasi lain semacam itu,yang bertanggung jawab memanajemeni secara menyeluruh tuntutan-tuntutan dan kondisi yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap klien.

Acquisition (akuisisi) pemberian perusahaan lain atau hak atas pembikinan (manufaktur) oleh suatu perusahaan, sebagai suatu cara untuk memperluas kegiatan usaha atau meningkatkan bagian dari pasarnya.

Added value (nilai tambah) penigkatan dalam nilai yang diperoleh karena pemakaian suatu bahan, komponen, atatu komoditas lain tertentu (yang meliputi tenaga kerja misalnya) sebagai suatu masukan dalam suatu proses produksi, merakit,mengolah,mendistribusikan, atau setiap kegiatan pemasaran yang lain.

Ad hoc  Hal yang dilakukan pada waktu dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan tertentu.

Administered prices (Harga administrasi) Tingkatan harga yang ditentukan oleh suatu industri atau kelompok perusahaan dalam suatu industri yang sama, yang membentuk sebuahharga monopoli atau kartel.

Advance freight Biaya pengangkutan (freight) yang wajib dibayarkan sebelum barang dimuat di atas kapal.

Advertising (periklanan) pemakaian suatu ruang yang harus dibayar, misalnya, dalam suatu publikasi, atau pemakaian waktu yang juga harus dibayar untuk setiap penyiaran atau penayangan radio, televisi atau bagian dari pertunjukan film.

Advertising agency (agen periklanan) organisasi bisnis yang didirikan untuk menyediakan suatu jasa kepada klien yang meliputi pencatatan pesanan ruang iklan, mendesain iklan dan memproduksinya, menetapkan jadwal pemasangan iklan di media, mengatur pelaksanaan riset, memberikan konsultasi dan setiap jasa pemasaran yang berhubungan dengan semua layanan itu.

Advertising budget (Anggaran periklanan) Jumlah uang yang disisihkan untuk pembelanjaan bagi suatu kampanye periklanan.

Advertising novelty Hadiah yang tidak terlalu mahal yang merupakan trik dalam pemasaran karena mengandung pesan-pesan sponsor, seperti nama , merek atau logo perusahaan.

Advertising rates (Tingkatan biaya periklanan) Biaya pokok yang diperhitungkan oleh suatu media periklanan untuk setiap pemberian jasa atau fasilitas yang mereka sediakan.

After-sales service (Layanan purna-jual) Jasa perbaikan, perawatan, dan sediaan suku cadang setelah penjualan selesai dilakukan; istilah ini juga digunakan untuk menunjuk pada kemungkinan penjualan lebih lanjut.

After sight Surat perintah membayar yang berlaku sah hanya setelah diterima oleh yang bersangkutan.

Agent (agen) (1) Orang atau organisasi yang diberi wewenang langsung atau tidak langsung untuk bertindak atas nam orang lain (pihak pertama) untuk membuat suatu hubungan atas dasar kontrak antara pihak pertama itu dengan pihak ketiga.

Agents torts  Pihak pertama sepenuhnya atau hanya sebagian bertanggung jawab  terhadap kemungkinan pencabutan hak atau penarikan diri dari agen yang seharusnya bertindak atas nama pihak pertama sesuai dengan ketentuan-ketentuan atau instruksi yang diberikan kepadanya oleh pihak pertama.

Aggregate demand (permintaan agregat) Ungkapan atau pernyataan mengenai total permintaan barang-barang dan jasa dalam suatu ekonomi nasional, biasanya dibagi dalam kategori konsumen, industri, pembelian umum dan ekspor.

Airway bill Istilah ini juga dikenal sebagai Air consignment note atau nota pengiriman udara, yaitu suatu nota atau perjanjian tertulis yang berisi ketentuan-ketentuan berdasarkan kontrak untuk pemuatan atau pengiriman barang melalui udarta.

Anti dumping ( Tindakan mencegah dumping dengan menyelidiki bukti-bukti kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh dumping itu (yang tidak hanya berlaku di amerika serikat saja) di pasar dalam negri.

Appropriation (apropriasi) Istilah yang digunakan dalam pengiklanan produk atau jasa yang mengacu pada jumlah total dari uang yang disediakan untuk semua bagian dari bauran pengiklanan.

Arts sponsorship (impresario) penggunaan iklan-iklan untuk mendukung suatu penampilan karya seni.

Asa  Singkatan dari Advertising Standards Authority.Yaitu, sebuah badn independen yang didirikan dan dibiayai oleh industri-industri periklanan untuk memastikan bahwa sistem operasional dan peraturannya sendiri berfungsi melayani kepentingan umum.

Attention value (nilai perhatian) nilai untuk menentukan sejauh mana sebuah iklan dapat menjamin akan mendapatkan perhatian awal dari pembacanya.

Audience (Audiens) Kelompok orang yang dijadikan sasaran dari suatu media periklanan tertentu, tetapi biasanya lebih dikaitkan dengan radio, televisi, atau pertunjukan film.

Average (Rata-rata) Biasa atau normal; seringkali mengacu pada pengertian mengenai “nilai tengah” atau nilai rata-rata dalam perhitungan biasa (aritmatik), yang rumusannya adalah:

                                 M = X₁ +  X₂ + X₃..........X_n

                                                    n

                                 dimana ‘m’ adalah nilai tengah.

Average revenue (Penghasilan rata-rata) Total penghasilan yang dibagi dengan jumlah unit yang terjual.

Implementation Of Vocabulary Teaching

Some experts in recent years observed that several studies showing in teaching vocabulary may develop with several techniques, the choice of vocabulary and structure will be easily understood by beginners by choosing simple vocabulary and simple structure that are relatively easy to learn, quoted by Cook in Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. (Cook, 1992; 83). Dulay et. el in Language Two mentioned that: “In the realm of vocabulary, the difficulty of a target language depends on the number of words which are similar to the words in mother tongue. If the mother tongue of the language learners has a large number of words which are similar or the same as the words found in the target language, the beginners language learner may find it easier to learn the language”. ( Dulay, 1982; 154 ). 

Larsen – Freeman in Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching stated that: “Language is seen as a set of vocabulary in real situations, vocabulary is presented in texts; oral or written texts. English teachers should use vocabulary in contexts and then relate them to the situations in the classroom. The vocabulary is arranged based on the topics. Vocabulary is emphasized over grammar. If language learners do not understand some words, the teacher will demonstrate in some pictures, mimics or other physical objects to make the students understand the meaning.” (Larsen – Freeman, 2000, 12 ). 

Here are some activities used successfully to introduce new vocabulary before giving students a text that Scott Thornbury (2005) had summarized : 

1) Scatter 10 - 15 vocabulary words all over the board. Call on students to come up one by one to circle two words and make a sentence using both. 

2) Write some key vocabulary words on the board. Read out each word and give a definition. Then ask some of your students in the class interesting questions using the new words. 

3) Prepare 10 - 15 vocabulary words along with sentences that explain the words clearly. Read out the words and the sentences as a dictation, and tell the students they only have to write down the word, not the sentence. 

4) Make a list of 10 - 12 key words from your text, including some new ones, as well as some that your students already know. Tell your students you are going to call out the words as fast as possible, and they must write down all the words they hear. Read the words out super fast, and do it a second time ONLY if they really insist. Then invite a student to come to the board and write the words on the board as other students call them out. When the students finish, then you can add any words they didn't get and correct spelling. Ask students if they have any questions about the words. 

5) This one takes longer than some of the other activities, but the students really enjoy it. Assign 5 or 6 students to stand at the board, pens/chalk in hand, ready to write words as you call them out. Call out 12 - 15 key words, and have them write the words all over the board, as creatively as possible. Each time they write a word, make sure that they move to a new place, and change their writing style often. When the dictation is finished, you should have a board covered with words. Now ask the class if they see any interesting combinations of words on the board. Next, tell them they have 3 minutes to make as many sentences as they can using the words. Finally, ask a few to read out their sentences. 

6) Write about 10 - 15 key words on the left side of the board. Get your students to give you some vocabulary related to water (ice, drip, puddle, wet, rain, etc.). You write these words on the right side of the board. Now, you assign them to make sentences establishing a connection between words from your list and the "water" words. 

7) This next one is a fun way to get students pronouncing the new words. Write "ONE-WORD RAP" on the board. Ask your students if any of them can rap. If anyone says yes, ask him or her to demonstrate. Tell them you are going to demonstrate a one-word rap. Take a word from your text and write it on the board. Read it out as rhythmically as you can (PA-RA-DOX, PA-RA-DOX, PA-RA, PA-RA, PA-RA-DOX, PUH, PUH, PUH, PUH, PARADOX!). Write the next word on the board, read it out, and have students repeat it a couple of times. Call on one of your most outgoing students to come to the front, and do his or her best to rap the word. To get everyone involved, have all the other students pound out a rhythm on their desks (pound on desk twice, clap once, repeat). Do the same with the rest of the words. Give out a prize (candy, a bookmark, etc.) for the best rap. 

8) Put a list of new vocabulary on the board. Explain the meaning of the first word, then give the students a couple of minutes to write a short sentence about themselves using the new word. Continue with all of the words. When you are finished with the list, encourage a few students to read out a sample sentence or two. 

9) Before handing out the text, put 6 or 7 important words from the text up on the board. Make sure that they are not grammar words (the, and, what), but also make sure that they don't give away the subject of the text too easily. Ask your students to guess what the text is about. When they have made a few guesses, tell them and hand out the text. 

10) Put a list of 10 or so important words from your text on the board. Then give each student an equivalent number of post-it notes. Tell the students to write down each word on a separate post-it note. Then have them put the words anywhere in the classroom (on desks, tables, windows, classmates, you) that they think is appropriate. Encourage them to ask their neighbours why they put the words where they did. 

References : 

Dulay, Heidi, Burt, Marina and Krashen, Stephen. 1982. Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press. 

Jimmy G. Cheek and Carl E. Beeman. 2005. Using Visual Aids in Extension Teaching. University Of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. 

Scott Thornbury. 2005. Methodology: Absolute Beginners from the internet of http://www.geocities.com/allhou/lessgames.htm

Story : The Frog Prince

Long ago there was a king who had a beautiful daughter. He loved her very much. Everyday the Princess would sit by the old palace well and toss a golden ball high in the air and let it drop. She loved to play this game. One day, she accidentally tosses her ball too high. When it came down, she could not catch it. It fell deep into the well. The princess began to cry. “Why are you crying?” said a voice behind her. The Princess looked down. She saw a frog. ”Oh, please, Frog”, said the princess ,”I lost my ball down the well. If you bring it back to me, I will do anything you want.” “ Anything at all?” asked the frog. ” Yes, anything”, said the princess. 

So the frog dived into the well and gave the ball back to the princess. “ I don’t want money or property”, said the frog. “ Let me live with you and be favourite friend.” The princess did not really want to let the frog came and live with her as her favourite friend but she was an honest princess. When she made a promise she kept it. So the frog came back with her to the palace. One day, the princess discovered that the frog had turned into a handsome prince, so they got married and live happily ever after.