Grammar - Direct and Indirect

Direct And Indirect Speech

Orders / Requests
Example : He said,”Please drive your car carefully!”. (DS)
He told me to drive my car carefully. (IDS)

Questions words

Example : He said,”Where do you live in this town?”. (DS)
He told me where I lived in the town. (IDS)

Questions without Question marks

Example : He said,”Do you know the big hotel here?” (DS)
He told me whether / if I knew the big hotel there. (IDS)

Statements

Example : He said,”I have to come early in the school”. (DS)
He told me that he had to come early in the school. (IDS)

Remarks (Direct / Indirect Speech)

If the first sentence / main clause is in Past Form, so the tenses should be changed as follows (This is not valid for Orders/Request forms):

Simple Present Past Tense
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Future Past Future
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Tense Past Perfect

Example :
1. She said,”I want to come here early!”. (DS)
She told me that she wanted to come there early. (IDS)
2. He said,”Where did you stay in this city?”. (DS)
He told me where I had lived in the city (DS)

If the first / main sentence is in a Present Form (simple present, present future, present continuous, present perfect), so it is NOT necessary for us change the tenses.

Example :
1. She says,”I want to come here on time!”. (DS)
She tells me that she wants to come there on time. (IDS)
2. They say,”When do you give the speech?” (DS)
They tells me when I give the speech. (IDS)

Strategy For UN - English SMK 2009

STRATEGY FOR NATIONAL TEST 2009
ENGLISH (B. INGGRIS)

Odd Semester

1. To finalize all matters and practices of English Dictate 3rd Grade.
2. To make a direct conversation with student or between students in each initial times of course meeting
3. To give translating assignments to be done in class and at home in enriching the vocabulary.
4. To review all grammar or structure appeared at National Tests in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
5. To do national test practice by referring to the problem of generally exits at national test of English, at the same time studies problems which has been tested the.
6. To provide enrichment or addition hour (learning at Saturday every two weeks once).
7. To conduct a lot of Tests of TOEIC model either in the form of Listening and also Reading at class students III
8. To push students to follow tuition of additional learning in other course institutes or we called 'Bimbel' since beginning of 3rd grade.
9. To attend the test of TKM carried out by local Education Service and hereinafter is studied together.

Even Semester

1. To involve class students III in TOEIC Regional Test by working along with ETC - local SMK
2. To do National Tests done by English teacher followed by studying problems which has been tested
3. To give explanations to matter that is not comprehended by student at the time of solution of grille the problem of practice UN
4. To draw up Module containing problems and solution of Reading Section to be studied by the students at home
5. To carry out Simulation of UN Test (Try Out UN) what done school counted 2 times for third of study area UN tested
6. To prepare the groups of student in group of small learning guided by a smart student referred as tutor (student having excellent English competence).
7. After being done by training and simulation of UN, simply there are some students assumed that there are still have not made ready, hence teacher gives again only to students which had not made ready.
8. After given by deep-studying, the students are evaluated to see last preparation of them before UN.

Dicki Hartanto, S.Pi, Dipl Buss Engl, M.M
e-mail : dichartanto@yahoo.com

Grammar - English Tenses For Indonesian

Tenses : Masa-masa kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris

Simple Present Tense : Masa kalimat yang terjadi secara terus-menerus (habitual action)

Formula : S + V1 + Object / Adverb (+)
S + do/does + not + V1 + Object/Adverb (-)
Do/does + S + V1 + Object/ Adverb (?)

Example : He speaks English well
I speak English well

Past Tense : Masa kalimat yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan tidak ada kaitannya pada saat dibicarakan.

Formula : S + V2 (past) + Object/Adverb (+)
S + did not + V1 (present) + Object/Adverb (-)
Did + S + V1 (present) + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I spoke English well

Present Future Tense : Masa kalimat yang terjadi dimasa mendatang.

Formula : S + will/shall + V1 (present) + Object/Adv (+)
S + will/shall not + V1(present) + Object/Adv (-)
Will/Shall + S + V1 (present) + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I will speak English well

Present Perfect Tense : Masa kalimat yang terjadi dimasa lalu dan masih terjadi pada saat dibicarakan.

Formula : S + have/has + V3 (past participle) + Obj/Adv (+)
S + have/has not + V3 + Object/Adverb (-)
Have/Has + S + V3 + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I have spoken English well.

Present Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang sedang terjadi dimasa sekarang

Formula : S + tobe (are, am, is) + Verb-ing + Obj/Adv (+)
S + tobe + not + Verb-ing + Object/Adverb (-)

Tobe (are, am, is) + S + Verb-ing + Obj/Adv (?)

Example : I am speaking English well.

Present Future Perfect Tense : Masa kalimat yang telah terjadi di masa datang.

Formula : S + will/shall + have + V3 (pp) + Object/Adv (+)
S + will/shall not + have + V3 (pp) + Obj/Adv (-)
Will/Shall + S + have + V3 (pp) + Object/Adv (?)

Example : I shall have spoken English well

Present Future Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang sedang terjadi dimasa yang akan datang

Formula : S + will/shall + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + Obj/Adverb (-)
Will/Shall + S + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : She will speaking English well.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang terjadi dimasa lalu dan sampai saat ini masih sedang terjadi.

Formula : S + have/has + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + have/has not + been + V-ing + Obj/Adverb (-)
Have/Has + S + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I have been speaking English well.

Past Future Tense : Masa kalimat yang akan terjadi dimasa lalu.

Formula : S + would/should + V1 + Object/Adverb (+)
S + would/should not + V1 + Object/Adverb (-)
Would/Should + S + V1 (present) + Object/Adv (?)

Example : She would speak English well.

Past Perfect Tense : Masa kalimat yang telah terjadi dan masih terjadi dimasa lalu saat dibicarakan.

Formula : S + had + V-3 (pp) + Object/Adverb (+)
S + had not + V-3 (pp) + Object/Adverb (-)
Had + S + V-3 (pp) + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I had spoken English week

Past Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang sedang terjadi di masa lalu

Formula : S + was + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + was not + V-ing + Object/Adverb (-)
Was + S + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : I was speaking English well when I was young.

Past Future Perfect Tense : Masa kalimat yang akan telah terjadi di masa lalu.

Formula : S + would/should + have + V-3 (pp) + Obj/Adv (+)
S + would/should not + have + V-3 + Obj/Adv (-)
Would/Should + S + have + V-3 + Object/Adv (?)

Example : If I had been smart enough, I would have spoken English well.

Past Future Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa lalu.

Formula : S + would/should + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + would/should not + be + V-ing + Object/Adv (-)
Would/Should + S + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : She would be speaking English, if I talked to her

Past Perfect Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang telah sedang terjadi dimasa lalu.

Formula : S + had + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + had not + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (-)
Had + S + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : She had been speaking English well

Future Perfect Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang telah sedang terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

Formula : S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (+)
S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adv (-)
Will/Shall + S + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (?)

Example : She will have been speaking English well next year.

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : Masa kalimat yang akan telah sedang terjadi di masa lalu.

Formula : S + would + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adv (+)
S + would not + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb (-)
Would/Should + S + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adv (?)

Example : She would have been speaking English well.

Grammar - Passive Voice

PASSIVE VOICE

Formula : Tobe (is/are, was/were, be, been, being) + V-3 (past participle)

Attention : When you change the sentences from active into passive, you should
put subject into object and vice versa.


Active Sentence : Amir buys a flower

Passive Sentence : A flower is bought by Amir

Example : She is invited to follow the meeting (present tense)
She was invited to attend the seminar (past tense)
She has been invited to carry out the tasks (present perfect)
She is being requested to sing a song (present continuous)
She will be called to have an interview (present future)

Main Pillars Of Islam

Main Pillars Of Islam

1. Shahadah
The first pillar of Islam is that a Muslim believe and declare his faith by saying the Shahadah (lit. 'witness'), also known as the Kalimah:
La ilaha ila Allah; Muhammadur-rasul Allah. 'There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.'
This declaration contains two parts. The first part refers to God Almighty, the Creator of everything, the Lord of the Worlds; the second part refers to the Messenger, Muhammad (pbuh) a prophet and a human being, who received the revelation through the Archangel Gabriel, and taught it to mankind.
By sincerely uttering the Shahadah the Muslim acknowledges Allah as the sole Creator of all, and the Supreme Authority over everything and everyone in the universe. Consequently the Muslim closes his/her heart and mind to loyalty, devotion and obedience to, trust in, reliance on, and worship of anything or anyone other than Allah. This rejection is not confined merely to pagan gods and goddesses of wood and stone and created by human hands and imaginations; this rejection must extend to all other conceptions, superstitions, ideologies, ways of life, and authority figures that claim supreme devotion, loyalty, trust, love, obedience or worship. This entails, for example, the rejection of belief in such common things as astrology, palm reading, good luck charms, fortune-telling and psychic readings, in addition to praying at shrines or graves of "saints", asking the dead souls to intercede for them with Allah. There are no intercessors in Islam, nor any class of clergy as such; a Muslim prays directly and exclusively to Allah.
Belief in the prophethood of Muhammad (pbuh) entails belief in the guidance brought by him and contained in his Sunnah (traditions of his sayings and actions), and demands of the Muslim the intention to follow his guidance faithfully. Muhammad (pbuh) was also a human being, a man with feelings and emotions, who ate, drank and slept, and was born and died, like other men. He had a pure and upright nature, extraordinary righteousness, and an unwavering faith in Allah and commitment to Islam, but he was not divine. Muslims do not pray to him, not even as an intercessor, and Muslims abhor the terms "Mohamedan" and "Mohamedanism".

2. Salah
Prayer (Salah), in the sense of worship, is the second pillar of Islam. Prayer is obligatory and must be performed five times a day. These five times are dawn (Fajr), immediately after noon (Dhuhr), mid-afternoon ('Asr), sunset (Maghrib), and early night (Isha'). Ritual cleanliness and ablution are required before prayer, as are clean clothes and location, and the removal of shoes. One may pray individually or communally, at home, outside, virtually any clean place, as well as in a mosque, though the latter is preferred. Special is the Friday noon prayer, called Jum'ah. It, too, is obligatory and is to be done in a mosque, in congregation. It is accompanied by a sermon (Khutbah), and it replaces the normal Dhuhr prayer.
There is no hierarchical clerical authority in Islam, no priests or ministers. Prayers are led by any learned person who knows the Qur'an and is chosen by the congregation. He (or she, if the congregation is all women) is called the imam. There is also no minimum number of congregants required to hold communal prayers. Prayer consists of verses from the Qur'an and other prayers, accompanied by various bodily postures - standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. They are said in Arabic, the language of the revelation, though personal supplications (Du'ah) can be offered in one's own language. Worshippers face the Qiblah, the direction of the Ka'bah in the city of Makkah.
The significance of prayer lies in one's maintaining a continuous link to God five times a day, which helps the worshipper avoid misdeeds if he/she performs the prayers sincerely. In addition it promotes discipline, God-consciousness and placing one's trust in Allah alone, and the importance of striving for the Hereafter. When performed in congregation it also provides a strong sense of community, equality and brotherhood/sisterhood.

3. Sawm
The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting. Allah prescribes daily fasting for all able, adult Muslims during the whole of the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the lunar calendar, beginning with the sighting of the new moon. Exempted from the fast are the very old and the insane. On the physical side, fasting is from first light of dawn until sundown, abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations. On the moral, behavioral side, one must abstain from lying, malicious gossip, quarreling and trivial nonsense.
Those who are sick, elderly, or on a journey, and women who are menstruating, pregnant, or nursing are permitted to break the fast, but must make up an equal number of days later in the year. If physically unable to do so, they must feed a needy person for each day missed. Children begin to fast (and to observe the prayers) from puberty, although many start earlier.
Although fasting is beneficial to the health, it is regarded principally as a method of self-purification. By cutting oneself off from worldly pleasures and comforts, even for a short time, the fasting person gains true sympathy for those who go hungry regularly, and achieves growth in his spiritual life, learning discipline, self-restraint, patience and flexibility.
In addition to the fast proper, one is encouraged to read the entire Qur'an. In addition, special prayers, called Tarawih, are held in the mosque every night of the month, during which a whole section of the Qur'an (Juz') is recited, so that by the end of the month the entire Qur'an has been completed. These are done in remembrance of the fact that the revelation of the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was begun during Ramadan.
During the last ten days - though the exact day is never known and may not even be the same every year - occurs the Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr). To spend that night in worship is equivalent to a thousand months of worship, i.e. Allah's reward for it is very great.
On the first day of the following month, after another new moon has been sighted, a special celebration is made, called 'Id al-Fitr. A quantity of staple food is donated to the poor (Zakat al-Fitr), everyone has bathed and put on their best, preferably new, clothes, and communal prayers are held in the early morning, followed by feasting and visiting relatives and friends.
There are other fast days throughout the year. Muslims are encouraged to fast six days in Shawwal, the month following Ramadan, Mondays and Thursdays, and the ninth and tenth, or tenth and eleventh of Muharram, the first month of the year. The tenth day, called Ashurah, is also a fast day for the Jews (Yom Kippur), and Allah commanded the Muslims to fast two days to distinguish themselves from the People of the Book.
While fasting per se is encouraged, constant fasting, as well as monasticism, celibacy, and otherwise retreating from the real world, are condemned in Islam. Fasting on the two festival days, 'Id al-Fitr and 'Id al-Adha, the feast of the Hajj, is strictly forbidden.

4. Zakah
The third pillar of Islam is the alms-tax (Zakah). It is a tax on wealth, payable on various categories of property, notably savings and investments, produce, inventory of goods, salable crops and cattle, and precious metals, and is to be used for the various categories of distribution specified by Islamic law. It is also an act of purification through sharing what one has with others.
The rationale behind this is that Muslims believe that everything belongs to God, and wealth is held by man as a trust. This trust must be discharged, moreover, as instructed by God, as that portion of our wealth legally belongs to other people and must be given to them. If we refuse and hoard this wealth, it is considered impure and unclean. If, for example one were to use that wealth for charity or to finance one's pilgrimage to Makkah, those acts would also be impure, invalid, and of course unrewarded. Allah says:
"Of their wealth, take alms so you may purify and sanctify them." [9:103]
The word Zakah means purification and growth. Our possessions are purified by setting aside that portion of it for those in need. Each Muslim calculates his or her own Zakah individually.
For most purposes this involves the payment each year of 2.5% of one's capital, provided that this capital reaches a certain minimum amount that which is not consumed by its owner. A generous person can pay more than this amount, though it is treated and rewarded as voluntary charity (Sadaqah). This amount of money is provided to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, and can be used in many useful projects for the welfare of the community.
Historically the pillar of Zakah became mandatory on Muslims form the second year after the Hijrah, 622 C.E. It is mentioned more than thirty times in the Qur'an, usually in the same breath as Salah. So important is this pillar that one is not considered a part of the Islamic brotherhood if one ignores this obligation.

5. Hajj
The fifth pillar of Islam is to make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Makkah, in Saudi Arabia, at least once in one's lifetime. This pillar is obligatory for every Muslim, male or female, provided that he/she is physically and financially able to do so. Prerequisites for performing the Hajj are to be a Muslim, to be free, to be an adult or mature enough, to be of sound mind, and to have the ability to afford the journey and maintain one's dependents back home for the duration. The reward for the Hajj is nothing less than Paradise.
The Hajj is the ultimate form of worship, as it involves the spirit of all the other rituals and demands of the believer great sacrifice. On this unique occasion, nearly two million Muslims from all over the globe meet one another in a given year. Regardless of the season, pilgrims wear special clothes (Ihram) - two, very simple, unsewn white garments - which strips away all distinctions of wealth, status, class and culture; all stand together and equal before Allah (God).
The rites of Hajj, which go back to the time of Prophet Abraham who built the Ka'bah, are observed over five or six days, beginning on the eighth day of the last month of the year, named Dhul-Hijjah (pilgrimage). These rites include circumambulating the Ka'bah (Tawwaf), and going between the mountains of Safa and Marwah, as Hajjar (Abraham's wife) did during her search for water for her son Isma'il. Then the pilgrims stand together on the wide plain of Arafah and join in prayers for God's forgiveness, in what is often thought of as a preview of the Last Judgment. The pilgrims also cast stones at a stone pillar which represents Satan. The pilgrimage ends with a festival, called 'Id al-Adha, which is celebrated with prayers, the sacrifice of an animal, and the exchange of greetings and gifts in Muslim communities everywhere.

English Story - Thomas Edison

Thomas Alfa Edison

(Electric Light Inventor)

Thomas Alva Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light. Without him, the world might still be a dark place. However, the electric light was not his only invention. He also invented the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and over 1,200 other things. About every two weeks he created something new.

Thomas A. Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, when he was seven years old. Surprisingly, he attended school for only two months. His mother, a former teacher, taught him a few things, but Thomas was mostly self-educated. His natural curiosity led him to start experimenting at a young age with electrical and mechanical things at home.

When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became a newsboy on a train that ran between Port Huron and Detroit. He set up a laboratory in a baggage care of the train so that he could continue his experiments in his spare time. Unfortunately, his first work experience did not end well. Thomas was fired when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the baggage car.

Thomas then worked for five years as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his time on the job conducting experiments. He got his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity. However, the vote recorder was not a success. In 1870, he sold another invention, a stock-ticker, for $40,000. A stock-ticker is a machine that automatically prints stock prices on a tape. He was then able to build his first shop in Newark, New Jersey.

Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other, but thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways. It kept conversations short, so that he could have more time for work. He called himself a "two-shift man" because he worked 16 out of every 24 hours. Sometimes he worked so intensely that his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.

Thomas Edison died at the age of 84 on October 18, 1931, at his estate in West Orange, New Jersey. He left numerous inventions that improved the quality of life all over the world.